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Dubliners by J.Joyce (riferimento a 'Eveline' e 'The dead')

“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi

The oral tradition

For thousands of year, the literature wasn't printed word but spoken word. Poems, tales, folklore and mythological tales were recited by professional poetry and story-tellers. The same went for medieval Britain: the epic singer or bard, and the singer of tales or scop recited their epic poems to a musical accompaniment aloud from memory and moved from one noble court to another. In Anglo-Saxon Britain the king was striving for enduring fame. This could only be achieved through glorious deeds celebrated in poetry. The best representative Anglo-Saxon poems are Beowulf  and The Seafarer. The poetic genre for singing the heroic lives and deeds of the great warrior kings was the epic. Moreover, Anglo-Saxon poetry were didactic because king's glorious deeds, courage, the heroic resistance of the English at the battle of Maldon were examples to follow. These epic poems were characterized by rhetorical figures such as: alliteration: the repetition of the same initial consonant sound in

La Déclaration universelle des droit de l'homme et du citoyen

"Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits."                              Article 1 de la Déclaration universelle des droits de  l’homme et du citoyen La Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen est adoptée par l’ Assemblée générale des Nations Unies le 10 décembre 1948 à Paris au palais de Chaillot . Sans véritable portée juridique en tant que tel, ce texte n'a qu'une valeur d'une proclamation de droits . Il y a 48 États sur les 58 participants devaient adopter cette charte universelle. Aucun État ne s'est prononcé contre et seuls huit se sont abstenus : l' Afrique du Sud de l’ apartheid refuse l'affirmation au droit à l'égalité devant la loi sans distinction de naissance ou de race ; l’ Arabie saoudite conteste l’ égalité homme-femme . La Pologne , la Tchécoslovaquie , la Yougoslavie et l' Union soviétique s'abstiennent en raison d'un différend concernant la définition du principe fond

Anglo-Saxon Britain and the Germanic heritage

After the Romans left in 410, Northern tribes like Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded Britain and settled there. The Northern tribes shared a common Germanic heritage: they were a hardy and warlike race and placed a very high value on ideal of kingly behaviour.  This implied that the king had to be willing to risk his life in battle. His fellow Lords were brave and were ready to give their lives for him. Germanic society was ruled by men and the aristocracy (who were better than common people) was predominant social class. The Anglo-Saxons believed in independence rather than grouping into better confederations; in fact, there were several small kingdoms in England, such as Northumbria, Mercia and Kent. They introduced new farming methods and built many self-sufficient villages. The political and cultural centre was Canterbury. St. Augustine of Canterbury, sent by Pope Gregory I, converted Northern tribes to Christianity in 597. In 800 a tribe that came from Scandinavia, the Vikings, sta

Attilio Bertolucci

Biografia Attilio Bertolucci nasce a San Prospero Parmanese il 18 novembre 1911, a pochi chilometri a est di Parma, in una famiglia della media borghesia agraria. Trascorre l'infanzia prima nel podere di Antognano, a sud ovest della città, poi dal 1921 in quello di Baccanelli, sempre nella immediata periferia di Parma. Frequenta la classe ginnasiale presso il Convitto Nazionale "Maria Luigia" di Parma, dove si appassiona alla musica di Verdi e stringe amicizia con Cesare Zavattini e Pietro Bianchi, i quali lo coinvolgeranno nel loro amore per il cinema. Completati gli studi superiori presso il liceo classico "Gian Domenico Romagnosi", si iscrive alla Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell'Università di Parma sostenendo, però, solo due esami. Nel 1935 si trasferisce a Bologna passando alla Facoltà di Lettere per frequentare le lezioni di Roberto Longhi, avendo come compagno di corso Giorgio Bassani. Si laurea nel 1938 con una tesi su Mario Pratesi e, nello stesso

Albert B. Sabin

Albert Bruce Sabin (1906–1993) è stato un medico e virologo polacco naturalizzato americano, ricordato per aver sviluppato il vaccino contro la poliomelite o la cosiddetta "paralisi infantile". La poliomelite è una una grave malattia infettiva di origine virale provocata dai poliovirus (tipi 1, 2, 3) che sono dei virus Picoma (piccoli virus a RNA), appartenenti al genere Enterovirus. L'incubazione va da 1 a 3 settimane con manifestazioni diverse come improvvisi attacchi di febbre, malessere, vomito, seguita, dopo 2-3 giorni, dalla paralisi irrimediabile di una parte del corpo, dovuta alla localizzazione del virus a livello dei motoneuroni (corna anteriori del midollo spinale). L’incidenza delle forme paralitiche nell’infanzia è di 1:1000, cioè su 1000 infetti solo 1 si paralizza. Importanti sono i fattori predisponenti, fra cui, fondamentale, l’età; infatti, se nell’età infantile il rapporto è di 1:1000, negli adulti abbiamo un aumento di 15 volte del rischio di paralisi

Shakespeare's comedy: The tempest

The plot In this comedy, the main characters are : King Alonso: king of Naples; Ferdinand: king Alonso's son; Prospero: he is a magician and lives on a desert island, where he does different illusiones such as a tempest. He was Duke of Milan, but he lost his dukedom because of a plot set up by his wicked brother, Antonio, together with Alonso; Ariel: a spirit and Prospero's attendant; Miranda: Prospero's daughter. She remembers nothing about her past but she knows his father was once the Duke of Milan; Caliban: a sort of half-man, half-beast because he was initially a companion to Miranda, but, then, rebelled against Prospero's authority and became his servant. King Alonso's ships are shipwrecked on a desert island because of a tempest. All are saved except Ferdinand, who has disappeared. The tempest is raised by Prospero , a magician and the master of island, with the help of his attendant spirit, Ariel. With Prospero there is his daughter, Miranda, who has grown u

Schema metrico

La metrica è la disciplina che regola la composizione di una poesia. Adesso elencheremo gli elementi fondamentali del linguaggio della poesia. Il verso Il verso è la riga, l'unità metrica base per la poesia, sia sotto il punto di vista ritmico che puramente visivo. Tipograficamente è delimitato dalla discesa a capo. I versi si distinguono in : ·      Bisillabo : verso di due sillabe; ·      Trisillabo : verso di tre sillabe; ·      Quaternario : verso di quattro sillabe; ·      Quinario : verso di cinque sillabe; ·      Senario : verso di sei sillabe; ·      Settenario : verso di sette sillabe; ·      Ottonario : verso di otto sillabe; ·      Novenario : verso di nove sillabe; ·      Decasillabo : verso di dieci sillabe; ·      Endecasillabo : verso di undici sillabe; ·      Dodecasillabo : verso di dodici sillabe. La strofa La strofa è la struttura secondo cui sono raggruppati i versi e si distinguono in : ·      dìstico : strofa di due versi; ·      terzina : strofa di tre

Celtic and Roman Britain

The original inhabitants of Britain were a Celtic-speaking people called Britons, whose culture is a mistery as it dates back to the Neolithic period. The Celts were Indo-European tribes from Europe and Asia Minor in pre-Roman times. The Celts that settled in England were split into many different clans, each ruled by a leader. Leader was warrior and good administrator to work out disagreements with other clans. The Celts were an advanced society: they made iron weapons, wove their clothes and were experienced farmers and hunters. They lived in hill forts surrounded by strong walls. The Celts believed that every natural element had a deity living in it. They counted on Druids, who understood nature and the world around them. Celtic art in Britain survives in a few artefacts and monuments, but hardly at all in a literary form as runes. In 55-54 B.C. Julius Caesar made military expeditions to Britain, but the Roman Conquest of Britain only began in 43 A.D. under Emperor Claudius. The Rom

Ugo Foscolo

Ugo Foscolo nacque il 6 febbraio del 1778 a Zante, nelle isole Ionie, dalla madre greca e dal padre veneziano. Trascorse la sua fanciullezza nella Dalmazia fino a quando non si trasferì a Spalato nel 1785, dove seguì i suoi primi studi presso il Seminario Arcivescovile. Dopo la morte del padre, egli ritornò a Zante dove proseguì i suoi studi. Nei primi mesi del 1789 la madre si trasferì a Venezia, mentre Ugo rimase a Zante. Nel 1792 poté raggiungere la madre e i fratelli a Venezia. Qui cominciò ad essere attratto dalle idee nate dalla Rivoluzione francese e diventò un sostenitore di Napoleone; inoltre, si innamorò della letteratura e, in quel periodo, trascrisse una quarantina dei suoi componimenti poetici. Quando Napoleone, con il trattato di Campoformio (1797), cedette Venezia all’ Austria, la delusione per Foscolo fu grande e, nonostante continuò a seguire gli eserciti napoleonici, mantenne un atteggiamento distaccato ed indifferente nei confronti della Francia. Successivamente,