Animal Farm , written by George Orwell , is a political fable that tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their cruel human master, hoping to create a society where all animals are equal, free, and happy. Inspired by the dream of the wise old pig Old Major, the animals overthrow the farmer Mr. Jones and take control of the farm, renaming it Animal Farm. At first, the animals work together to build an egalitarian community based on the principles of Animalism, summarized in the Seven Commandments painted on the barn wall. However, over time, the pigs—led by the cunning and power-hungry Napoleon—begin to seize control. They gradually assume privileges, manipulate language and truth, and use fear and propaganda to maintain power. Eventually, they become indistinguishable from the humans they once overthrew. This allegory clearly reflects the events of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the rise of Stalinism. The animals represent different social and political groups...
The Celts were Indo-European tribes from Europe and Asia Minor in pre-Roman times.
The Celts that settled in England were split into many different clans, each ruled by a leader.
Leader was warrior and good administrator to work out disagreements with other clans.
The Celts were an advanced society: they made iron weapons, wove their clothes and were experienced farmers and hunters.
They lived in hill forts surrounded by strong walls.
The Celts believed that every natural element had a deity living in it.
They counted on Druids, who understood nature and the world around them.
Celtic art in Britain survives in a few artefacts and monuments, but hardly at all in a literary form as runes.
In 55-54 B.C. Julius Caesar made military expeditions to Britain, but the Roman Conquest of Britain only began in 43 A.D. under Emperor Claudius.
The Romans occupied the area of the current England and Wales and, in order to protect themselves from the Celts, they built a long wall in the north of modern England called Hadrian's Wall(122 A.D.).
This wall, later moved even further north (Antonin's Wall, 142) marks the current border between England and Scotland.
Romans built towns like Londinium, Leicester, Manchester, and road systems.
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