“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
After the Romans left in 410, Northern tribes like Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded Britain and settled there.
The Northern tribes shared a common Germanic heritage: they were a hardy and warlike race and placed a very high value on ideal of kingly behaviour.
This implied that the king had to be willing to risk his life in battle.
His fellow Lords were brave and were ready to give their lives for him.
Germanic society was ruled by men and the aristocracy (who were better than common people) was predominant social class.
The Anglo-Saxons believed in independence rather than grouping into better confederations; in fact, there were several small kingdoms in England, such as Northumbria, Mercia and Kent.
They introduced new farming methods and built many self-sufficient villages.
The political and cultural centre was Canterbury.
St. Augustine of Canterbury, sent by Pope Gregory I, converted Northern tribes to Christianity in 597.
In 800 a tribe that came from Scandinavia, the Vikings, started to invade Britain.
The Vikings were great sailors and also expert traders, fishermen and farmers.
Some historians believed the Vikings left their homes because of overcrowding, as there was no enough good land for everyone.
Moreover, the Vikings were in search of treasures and Britain was a particularly good place to raid.
King Alfred the Great of Wessex divided England in North and Midlands, which were assigned to the Vikings (Danelaw).
A century later a Danish king, Canute, became king of the whole of England.
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