Animal Farm , written by George Orwell , is a political fable that tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their cruel human master, hoping to create a society where all animals are equal, free, and happy. Inspired by the dream of the wise old pig Old Major, the animals overthrow the farmer Mr. Jones and take control of the farm, renaming it Animal Farm. At first, the animals work together to build an egalitarian community based on the principles of Animalism, summarized in the Seven Commandments painted on the barn wall. However, over time, the pigs—led by the cunning and power-hungry Napoleon—begin to seize control. They gradually assume privileges, manipulate language and truth, and use fear and propaganda to maintain power. Eventually, they become indistinguishable from the humans they once overthrew. This allegory clearly reflects the events of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the rise of Stalinism. The animals represent different social and political groups...
The number of books that Joyce wrote in his lifetime is small compared to the output of virtually any other author one can name. But what books! In prose, with each new work he pushed dramatically past the boundaries he had set for himself in his previous endeavours, stylistically as well as thematically.
Between “Dubliners” and “Finnegans Wake” there is both continuum and continuity: continuum from the local (people of Dublin) to the universal (Here Comes Everybody) accompanied by an evolution – and revolution- in technique; continuity in that his characters, locales, and subject matter always remained distinctly Irish and of his time, while Joyce, as artist, never swerved from presenting them in a language that is aesthetically pleasing, exquisitely precise, and, as Ezra Pound characterised it, “free from sloppiness”.
This same pattern of continuum/continuity marks the role that music plays in most of his works. The poem of “Chamber music” are not just song lyrics waiting to be set to music; reading them aloud, one can readily perceive from their sensibility and diction that they are a type of music in and of themselves. Then, starting with “Dubliners” and in each successive prose work, Joyce makes increasingly subtle and demanding use of music to carry his tales forward, culminating in “Ulysses”, where it becomes absolutely integral to the storytelling, especially in the “Sirens episode”.
Finally, in the “Finnegans Wake”, where the very name of the book is borrowed from the title of a popular broadside ballad, and in which thousands of musical allusions are woven into its tapestry of universal history, we come full circle. For, like “Chamber music”, it really is lessa piece of writing than a kind of music, an epic prose chorale. The book begs to be performed, the inert words on the page recited aloud in order to be brought to life and fully appreciated. In fact, that is exactly Joyce’s advice: “It is all so simple. If anyone doesn’t understand a passage, all he needs to do is read it aloud”.
Good advice – and a timely reminder that Joyce was not simply writing books to keep scholars busy. He was writing to enlighten, and to entertain.
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