“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
The collected edition of Shakespeare's plays came out in 1623, after the poet's death.
This first edition is traditionally called The First Folio, which contains 36 plays sorted by literary genre: comedies, historical plays and tragedies.
In according to plays, we may divided Shakespeare's career into four periods:
- the years of apprenticeship;
- the history plays and love comedies;
- the great tragedies and the dark comedies;
- the romances.
In the first phase he experimented with all the major dramatic genres:
- history plays: they treat events of English history (Henry VI, Richard III);
- tragedy of horror: he took as a model to follow Seneca's Latin tragedies (an example is Romeo and Juliet);
- refined love comedy (The two gentlemen of Verona).
In the second phase of his career, Shakespeare wrote the history plays and the love comedies.
Shakespeare's history plays treat politics as an eternal struggle for power, love and property. They set in a crucial period of English history: from the latter part part of the 14th century to the Wars of the Roses.
In the early love comedies, Shakespeare explored the psychological of love and human relationships and he used a language very simple and obvious (The Merchant of Venice, As you like it).
In the third phase of his career, he wrote a series of great plays: Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.
They show a deeply pessimistic view of life and deal with characters, who occupy the highest positions in society: kings, queens, princes and commanders.
Shakespeares wrote about the faults, contradictions and weaknesses of human nature at the highest possible level.
In the same period Shakespeare wrote dark comedies.
They are balanced between comedy and tragedy: they show the ambiguities inherent in such feelings as love and friendship (Troilus and Cressida).
Shakespeare's career last phase is characterized by a return to the romantic drama in a completely new spirit.
The romantic comedies show a Shakespeare finally reconciled to human nature: order and harmony were achieved through the love and understanding of the younger as opposed to the older generations.
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