“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
After Queen Victoria's death, her son Edward VII came to the throne in 1901.
His reign was characterized by widespread industrialization, the growth of urban areas, an increase in population and the extension of the transport network. On Edward VII's death, his son George V came to the throne in 1910. This period was characterized by Belle Époque which ended with the outbreak of the First World War.
In June 1914 the heir to the Austrian throne, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Sarajevo, Serbia, during an official state visit.
Immediately, Austria and Germany declared war on Serbia and, next months, France, Russia and Britain sided with Serbia.
According to historians, the economic and political instabilities, which date back to 40 years ago, were real causes of the First World War. These causes are recognizable in the division of the global market (French-English capitalism against German capitalism) by European countries and the affirmation of its political supremacy.
This division was easily organized according to the two opposed alliances;
- the Triple Alliance (1882): which included Austria-Hungary empire, Germany and Italy;
- the Triple Entente (1907): which included France, England and Russia.
The main contrasts between European countries were:
- French-German conflict (1870-71): which was based on possession of Alsace and Lorraine between Germany and France. France lost this conflict and was animated by the desire for revenge against Germany;
- Anglo-German contrast for the growing economic power of Germany and for the division of the German colonies in Africa which broke the continuity of the English ones;
- Austriac-Russian conflict over hegemony in the Balkan region.
In 1918 the First World War ended.
During the war, over 900.000 British troops died. Britain had fought the war mostly in the trenches of northern France and World War I was a shock for a whole generation which was faced with the horrors of modern warfare.
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