“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
Renaissance is a French term which means rebirth.
It signified the rebirth of Classical literature, Greek and Latin, after the centuries in which it had been neglected (from 476 A.D. to 1492).
According to men of the Renaissance, during the Middle Ages the loss of classical learning and art (painting, sculpture and architecture) had meant the death of civilization.
Renaissance contemplated the development of man's capacities not just for artistic but also for social purposes.
The English Renaissance was late in comparison with other European movements which supported Classical tradition.
The new learning (as Humanism) was established in the network of Grammar schools as the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
Humanists played a major role in shaping the new Church of England, particularly with regard to the translation of the Bible and the Psalms.
Humanism had made the study of Greek in order to translate the Old and New Testaments into English.
This cultural movement culminated in the Authorised Version of the Bible (1611), also called King James' Version, because it was promoted by King James I.
A blow to traditional beliefs came from the new philosophers best represented by Francis Bacon.
As live science, philosophy rejected the old deductive method in favour of the inductive method, which from particular facts formed general truths.
This meant that personal experience, the sense experience, was more important in the establishment of truth than traditional ideas.
It was another step in the direction of individual thinking and against accepted authority.
It ran parallel to the Reformation with its rejection of a central Church authority in favour of individual conscience.
This rational outlook was at the centre of the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes.
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