Animal Farm , written by George Orwell , is a political fable that tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their cruel human master, hoping to create a society where all animals are equal, free, and happy. Inspired by the dream of the wise old pig Old Major, the animals overthrow the farmer Mr. Jones and take control of the farm, renaming it Animal Farm. At first, the animals work together to build an egalitarian community based on the principles of Animalism, summarized in the Seven Commandments painted on the barn wall. However, over time, the pigs—led by the cunning and power-hungry Napoleon—begin to seize control. They gradually assume privileges, manipulate language and truth, and use fear and propaganda to maintain power. Eventually, they become indistinguishable from the humans they once overthrew. This allegory clearly reflects the events of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the rise of Stalinism. The animals represent different social and political groups...
Renaissance is a French term which means rebirth.
It signified the rebirth of Classical literature, Greek and Latin, after the centuries in which it had been neglected (from 476 A.D. to 1492).
According to men of the Renaissance, during the Middle Ages the loss of classical learning and art (painting, sculpture and architecture) had meant the death of civilization.
Renaissance contemplated the development of man's capacities not just for artistic but also for social purposes.
The English Renaissance was late in comparison with other European movements which supported Classical tradition.
The new learning (as Humanism) was established in the network of Grammar schools as the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
Humanists played a major role in shaping the new Church of England, particularly with regard to the translation of the Bible and the Psalms.
Humanism had made the study of Greek in order to translate the Old and New Testaments into English.
This cultural movement culminated in the Authorised Version of the Bible (1611), also called King James' Version, because it was promoted by King James I.
A blow to traditional beliefs came from the new philosophers best represented by Francis Bacon.
As live science, philosophy rejected the old deductive method in favour of the inductive method, which from particular facts formed general truths.
This meant that personal experience, the sense experience, was more important in the establishment of truth than traditional ideas.
It was another step in the direction of individual thinking and against accepted authority.
It ran parallel to the Reformation with its rejection of a central Church authority in favour of individual conscience.
This rational outlook was at the centre of the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes.
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