Contesto generale La novella di Cisti il fornaio è la seconda della sesta giornata del Decameron di Boccaccio. In questa giornata, tutte le novelle hanno un tema comune: il modo elegante e intelligente (con arte e garbo) con cui i personaggi riescono a rispondere a situazioni difficili, spesso grazie all’arguzia, alla prontezza di spirito o all’uso sapiente delle parole (i cosiddetti “motti”). La narratrice è Pampinea, una delle sette giovani protagoniste del Decameron, che introduce la novella con una riflessione: a volte la natura e la fortuna premiano persone di umili origini, dotandole di un'anima nobile e virtuosa, proprio come accade a Cisti. Trama in breve Cisti è un fornaio fiorentino, quindi un uomo del popolo, ma di grande eleganza, educazione e intelligenza. Egli possiede un ottimo vino bianco, che desidera offrire a Geri Spina, un nobile fiorentino che ogni giorno passa davanti alla sua bottega insieme agli ambasciatori di papa Bonifacio VIII. Cisti però sa che, ...

Henry VII

In 1485 the Wars of the Roses came to an end with the victory of Henry Tudor, who was crowned king Henry VII of England.
Under his rule England enjoyed a long peaceful and rich period: the army, the navy and the whole machine of the State administration were reorganized and put under the direct control of the king.
He also laid the foundation of English Humanism.
In his search for powerful political alliances, Henry VII gave his eldest son Arthur in marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the future Emperor Charles V of Spain.
Next, Henry VII's son, king Henry VIII, continued what his father had begun.
His accession was welcomed by humanist scholars; in fact, he had all the gifts of body and mind that had a prince: he was poet, soldier and musician.
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Henry VIII |
Henry VIII 's allegiance to the Catholic cause against Martin Luther was so strong that he was proclaimed defensor fidei by the Pope.
However, King Henry VIII broke with Catholic Church when pope Clement VII refused to grant him a divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon, in order to marry Anne Boleyn.
King VIII established the Act of Supremacy: the Church of England was declared independent and its bishops became subject to the authority of the king, who was proclaimed Head of the Church.
The old powerful aristocracy of feudal origin and Catholic sympathies was replaced by a new Protestant aristocracy linked to the Tudors by the purchase of the lands confiscated from the monasteries.
However, Henry VII's policy met with several opponents.
The most famous was the Bishop of Canterbury sir Thomas More, who refused to recognize the supremacy of the king in ecclesiastical matters and remained faithful to the Church of Rome.
For this reason, More was beheaded.
When king Henry VIII died, his son king of England and Ireland Edward VI accessed to the throne.
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Edward VI |
Under his rule, radical Protestantism was strong and in 1549 Edward VI promulgated the Book of Common Prayer, which became the basis of the Anglican communion.
During this period Catholics were persecuted.
In 1553 king Edward VI died because of tuberculosis and his sister Mary I, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, became queen of England and Ireland.
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Mary I |
Her first goal was the restoration of the Catholic religion and the restoration of papal supremacy in England.
According this goal, Mary I beheaded all Protestant opponents and, for this reason, she was so-called Bloody Mary.
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