“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
The British ruling class looked upon themselves as the true heirs of the Roman empire as an empire that was comparable with the Roman Empire (see British Empire).
For this reason, classical outlook and imperial pretensions of ancient Rome under the Emperor Augustus were resumed.
Neoclassicism spread in all cultural sectors and became a way of life. The Augustan artists shared a belief in reason as capable of imposing some order on an otherwise chaotic world.
In philosophy, David Hume is the leader of Scepticism: this rational tendency is also apparent in the analysis of religion conducted by the Deists, a group of thinkers who rejected the revealed religion in favour of natural religion.
Upper-class women came to achieve a central role. In their literary salons, women took part in the political, social and literary debates.
The middle class had been important after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 at the point that gradually merged with the aristocratic class. Rich tradesmen and manufacturers bought estates and so seats in Parliament, while their sons and daughters married into the aristocracy, sharing same interests such as trade, agriculture and industrial ventures.
This phenomenon caused a change of social values.
The middle class learnt from the aristocracy good manners, while the aristocracy learnt new values like religious belief in work and strong sense of the family.
The middle class also learnt their manners from the pages of newspapers and magazines. In this period, coffeehouses and clubs were important because people could discuss current events and write there.
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