“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
Historically speaking, the production of poetry precedes the production of prose in almost all societies.
Poetry is easier to remember and it meets the needs of oral cultures without long novels.
So verse was still much more of an everyday medium for expression: sermons and chronicles were written in verse.
Most of medieval lyrics are anonymous and extremely difficult to date.
The most important lyrical genres are the spring song, the love lyric, the love complaint and religious lyrics.
Poems are often set to music and meant to be sung, which was quite the norm for lyrics up to the 16th century.
Middle English metrics don't break completely with the Old English tradition, but rather develop it.
The great novelty introduced by French literary models is rhyme.
Ballads are short, anonymous narrative poems or songs elaborated by oral transmission.
Ballads are composed by ordinary people to be sung.
Most ballads treat some tragic events, which also include supernatural elements in some way.
Some are based on well-known legendary or romantic figures, such as Robin Hood, and others maybe based on real historical events.
The ballad uses a very direct language and a simple metrical pattern: stanzas of four lines, called quatrains, with four beats often followed by a refrain (the repetition of one or more lines).
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