“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
William the Conqueror
In 1066 duke William of Normandy conquered England after the Battle of Hastings.
Normans were Vikings who had settled on the north coast of France.
They introduced in England a feudal system.
Besides the feudal system, there was the Church when was organized hierarchically and it had both spiritual and temporal powers.
Under Henry II there came the first great clash between the Crown and the Church in England.
Henry II's eldest son Richard I, better known as the Lionheart, was celebrated as a legendary figure for his courage and personal charm.
John I, known as Lackland because of the loss of Normandy and most of his French territories, succeeded his brother as king of England.
His policy of heavy taxation met the resistance of feudal nobility.
In 1215 king John I was forced to grant the Magna Carta, which guaranteed rights and freedom to English people.
Under Henry III Parliament was formed, a feudal assembly composed by noblemen and high clergy; in the years 1264-65 two representatives from each borough were called to Parliament: this was the beginning of the future House of Commons.
The Norman Conquest had important consequences for English culture such as refined civilization and the French language.
The old Anglo-Saxon literature seemed to disappear.
Old English went on being spoken by the common people, while upper classes spoke a particular French dialect, called Anglo-Norman, and Latin was the language of the Church and Law.
The social and cultural life was dominated by a code of chivalry, which is based on:
- loyalty between the knight and his sovereign;
- courage in the face of death;
- code of love, which involving the knight's devotion to a woman, for whom he usually sets out on adventures.
The knight was defined a gentleman if he had these qualities and knew the notion of good manners.
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