The Beatles were one of the most successful and influential rock bands of the 20th century. The group was formed by the "Fab Four": John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals), and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). From Liverpool to Global Domination Formed in Liverpool in 1960, they dominated the British and international charts from 1962 to 1970. In the early 1960s, their enormous popularity sparked a global phenomenon known as "Beatlemania." As their music grew in sophistication—led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney—the band evolved from pop idols into the embodiment of the 1960s counterculture. They experimented with psychedelia, Indian classical music, and studio techniques that changed the face of the recording industry forever. A Prolific Legacy The Beatles wrote over 200 songs (including 186 original compositions released during their active years). Their catalog includes timeless mast...

William the Conqueror

In 1066 duke William of Normandy conquered England after the Battle of Hastings.
Normans were Vikings who had settled on the north coast of France.
They introduced in England a feudal system.
Besides the feudal system, there was the Church when was organized hierarchically and it had both spiritual and temporal powers.
Under Henry II there came the first great clash between the Crown and the Church in England.
Henry II's eldest son Richard I, better known as the Lionheart, was celebrated as a legendary figure for his courage and personal charm.
John I, known as Lackland because of the loss of Normandy and most of his French territories, succeeded his brother as king of England.
His policy of heavy taxation met the resistance of feudal nobility.
In 1215 king John I was forced to grant the Magna Carta, which guaranteed rights and freedom to English people.
Under Henry III Parliament was formed, a feudal assembly composed by noblemen and high clergy; in the years 1264-65 two representatives from each borough were called to Parliament: this was the beginning of the future House of Commons.
The Norman Conquest had important consequences for English culture such as refined civilization and the French language.
The old Anglo-Saxon literature seemed to disappear.
Old English went on being spoken by the common people, while upper classes spoke a particular French dialect, called Anglo-Norman, and Latin was the language of the Church and Law.
The social and cultural life was dominated by a code of chivalry, which is based on:
- loyalty between the knight and his sovereign;
- courage in the face of death;
- code of love, which involving the knight's devotion to a woman, for whom he usually sets out on adventures.
The knight was defined a gentleman if he had these qualities and knew the notion of good manners.
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