The Beatles were one of the most successful and influential rock bands of the 20th century. The group was formed by the "Fab Four": John Lennon (rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals), and Ringo Starr (drums, vocals). From Liverpool to Global Domination Formed in Liverpool in 1960, they dominated the British and international charts from 1962 to 1970. In the early 1960s, their enormous popularity sparked a global phenomenon known as "Beatlemania." As their music grew in sophistication—led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney—the band evolved from pop idols into the embodiment of the 1960s counterculture. They experimented with psychedelia, Indian classical music, and studio techniques that changed the face of the recording industry forever. A Prolific Legacy The Beatles wrote over 200 songs (including 186 original compositions released during their active years). Their catalog includes timeless mast...

The late Victorian novel was influenced by Darwin's theories of the influence of the natural environment on animals, and by Realism, a new literary and cultural movement, which analyzed the influence of the social environment on man.
Realism was a reaction against the Victorian ideology because of its predilection for poor and degraded social settings and failed characters.
In this period horror and crime novels were written and the best writer of this genre was Robert Louis Stevenson with his masterpiece The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
This novel could be read on two levels:
- as an horror story which owes something to the Gothic novel and Edgar Allan Poe's tales;
- as a meditation on human nature and progress.
Another anti-Victorian writer was Thomas Hardy, who wrote a collection of works called Novels of Character and Environment, the two elements that, he thought, shaped man's destiny.
In contrast with Victorian optimism based on progress, Thomas Hardy adopted the notion of an ïmmanent will", a universal power indifferent to the fate of man.
As the century went on, other novelists followed the general anti-Victorian trend.
This culminated in the disengagement of the Aesthetic Movement with its belief in "Art for Art's sake" - that is, total detachment from social or moral issues.
Fluorished in Europe during the last part of the 19th century, Aestheticism derived from the french writer Théophile Gautier's theory, summed up in his slogan "L'Art pour l'Art".
According to french writer, art is good in it own right, an end in itself.
The leader of this cultural movement is Oscar Wilde and his masterpiece The picture of Dorian Gray.
The philosophy of this novel is the cult of beautiful things and a proclaimed indifference to moral and social issues.
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