“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
The late Victorian novel was influenced by Darwin's theories of the influence of the natural environment on animals, and by Realism, a new literary and cultural movement, which analyzed the influence of the social environment on man.
Realism was a reaction against the Victorian ideology because of its predilection for poor and degraded social settings and failed characters.
In this period horror and crime novels were written and the best writer of this genre was Robert Louis Stevenson with his masterpiece The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
This novel could be read on two levels:
- as an horror story which owes something to the Gothic novel and Edgar Allan Poe's tales;
- as a meditation on human nature and progress.
Another anti-Victorian writer was Thomas Hardy, who wrote a collection of works called Novels of Character and Environment, the two elements that, he thought, shaped man's destiny.
In contrast with Victorian optimism based on progress, Thomas Hardy adopted the notion of an ïmmanent will", a universal power indifferent to the fate of man.
As the century went on, other novelists followed the general anti-Victorian trend.
This culminated in the disengagement of the Aesthetic Movement with its belief in "Art for Art's sake" - that is, total detachment from social or moral issues.
Fluorished in Europe during the last part of the 19th century, Aestheticism derived from the french writer Théophile Gautier's theory, summed up in his slogan "L'Art pour l'Art".
According to french writer, art is good in it own right, an end in itself.
The leader of this cultural movement is Oscar Wilde and his masterpiece The picture of Dorian Gray.
The philosophy of this novel is the cult of beautiful things and a proclaimed indifference to moral and social issues.
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