“Dubliners” is a collection of fifteen short stories written by James Joyce in which the author analyses the failure of self-realisation of inhabitants of Dublin in biographical and in psychological ways. The novel was originally turned down by publishers because they considered it immoral for its portrait of the Irish city. Joyce treats in “Dubliners” the paralysis of will in four stages: childhood, youth, maturity and public life. The paralysis of will is the courage and self-knowledge that leads ordinary men and women to accept the limitations imposed by the social context they live in. In “Dubliners” the style is both realistic - to the degree of perfectly recreating characters and idioms of contemporary Dublin - and symbolic – giving the common object unforeseen depth and a new meaning in order to show a new view of reality. Joyce defines this effect “epiphany” which indicates that moment when a simple fact suddenly explodes with meaning and makes a person realise his / her condi
In our time the term "victorian" means prudishness, an extreme propriety, often hypocritical, in behaviour or speech.
In fact, many of the unpleasant sides of the Victorians' were inherited from the previous age and were also hidden after Victoria's death.
Others were derived from the philosophical and social theories of the time.
The utilitarianism was one of the most unpleasant sides of this period.
The utilitarian philosophers, e.g. Jeremy Bentham, claimed that everything had to be judged according to standards of utility and how much it promoted the material happiness of the greatest number of people.
But, this led to unrestrained exploitation of human and natural resources.
The Victorian establishment refused to admit the existence of an utilitarian philosophy of life, trying to hide this aspect behind a veil of respectability and facile optimism.
This was the so called Victorian compromise.
The outward strictness of Victorian morals and behaviour were inconsistent with what was going on society. For example, the upper class couldn't tolerate the word "leg" spoken in polite society - both women's and table legs were covered with long skirts - but didn't care about the social conditions that forced poor women into prostitution.
As the century advanced, Victorian moral standards began to break down and some writers like Robert Louis Stevenson began to expose the hypocrisy of Victorian society.
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